1) After a Tech Marine repairs the Demolisher Cannon on a Vindicator, can the Vindicator fire on that turn?
I don't think so, the rule on page 71 states you repair it and then the vehicle may fire in the
following shooting phase, although TBH its never come up.
2) I`ve read somewhere that Drop Pods can`t fire after the turn they enter play, but the Codex didn`t confirm that, so can it or can`t it?
The drop pod counts as moving at cruising speed, as per the BRB pg 95, and as it is not fast cannot fire any weapons on the turn it lands but may fire every turn after as normal